Belonging Related Texts Essay Example for Free

Belonging Related Texts EssayWhat do you think the most powerful influences that impact on an individuals sense of be? * Strictly Ballroom by Baz Lurhmann * The ruby-red manoeuvre by Shaun Tan * Who you are by Jessie J You will almost ever so queue where you belong if you search for it. So ultimately a sense of belonging comes down to perception. This starts from places and/ or relationships, which potentially alter your understanding or you and the realness around you, so you can accept the person you are and your individual identity by creating this sense of belonging. In strictly ballroom by Baz Lurhmann, The Red tree diagram by Shaun Tan and who you are by Jessie J the composers use a wide range of techniques to convey the ideas belonging through forcible authority, ambitious authority and a prevaricationnation. These are illustrated through the concept of belonging to a person or place. These three ideas demonstrate what the most powerful influences are that can stu pefy someone to looking at a part of something or not. Forcible authority is illustrated in the film Strictly Ballroom by Baz Lurhmann.Forcible authority is when a person or group has the power to make you feel a certain way that you may not agree on and make you feel as though you do or dont belong. This is conveyed in the film when Barry Fife the president of Australian Dance Federation (ADF) forces Scott Hastings to dance a particular way. The forcible authority is demonstrated in Strictly Ballroom with close ups and bright lighting on Barrys face. This creates attention and power to the auditory senses concept on Barry. Scott then feels isolated from the ADF as a result of Barrys ideas for the ADF.Forcible Authority is also shown in The Red Tree by Shaun Tan. This is conveyed through optical techniques of the miniature miss standing alone in many pages of the book. The concept of a powerful influence is a little red leaf with without sense or reason this demonstrates herself as a symbol of the little red leaf with many factors contributing to that idea. E. g. The little girl with the red hair The little girl becomes frustrated by society and not being able to find her place or where she feels she belongs without sense or reason.Here the most powerful influences that influence the little girl is her on mind set on other people and how she sees everyone move to conform and belong to a place she hasnt been nor understands. Forcible authority is again conveyed in the song who you are by Jessie J through the singers lyrics. Jessie illustrates a strong opinion on societys sense of belonging when she states forget how to fit the mold, yeah this informs the audience that societys conception of belonging is based on a mould and she feels out casted be spend a penny she doesnt know how to find her place in society anymore.Jessie feels as though society has clung to a certain way of thinking and living, this is because of the forcible authority, which is the so ciety as a powerful influence on Jessies sense of belonging. Challenging Authority is some other idea shown in strictly Ballroom this can be when you choose to do something about following other rules from a higher authority. This is illustrated when Scott is introduced to Frans granny Ya Ya. She explains that dancing comes from the heart.The close ups of Ya Yas hands beating the traditional rhythm of the Paso Doble on Scotts chest gives both Scott and Fran the inspiration to dance their own moves which demonstrates to the earshot how they are challenging authority and now have somewhere to belong to. Challenging authority is illustrated in The Red Tree when the little girl struggles to find herself in society this becomes an issue throughout the whole book, always tint as though she didnt belong. The very last page is her standing in her room with a large Red Tree filled with lots of red leaves and you can see that she has accepted herself in the society.She has done this becau se she has a desirous smile on her face. Jessie demonstrates challenging authority in Who you are by giving advice to other people to be yourself instead of living a lie and following societys rules. This is illustrated when Jessie sings Dont lose who you are in the blur of the stars disaffection is the estrangement of somebody who is forced or unstrained to distance people from each other or of people from what is important or meaningful to them.Strictly Ballroom demonstrates many moments of alienation, one particularly is Scott feeling as though he doesnt belong in the ADF because he doesnt confine with the ballroom dancing rules. This is illustrated when himself and Fran dance their own steps and cause a stir in the ADF judging, this is a powerful impact on belonging because if you dont follow the rules you are forced to feel neglected. Alienation is also illustrated in The Red Tree through pictures and descriptive language. The visual technique as quoted, nobody understands, It is raining and the brushstrokes are soft but classifiable nd the colours are dull and dark creating the audiences idea of how the girl is feeling. The girl is a seclusion to society showing her being an outsider, the visual techniques are a powerful influence to belonging and clearly demonstrate how the girl feels alienated by society. Jessie J also shows alienation in Who you are by the visual technique in the film clip, Jessie sings Sometimes its hard to follow your heart. In this particular part she is sitting in an asinine bathroom with dim lighting, this demonstrates her feelings of loneliness and confusion.Jessie feels confused because she doesnt know what the right thing to do is and this causes her alienation to the environment she is in, this particular songs provides proof with her excluding herself from society until she makes up her mind. Jessie being the most powerful influence as she is the only one making the decision to alienate herself. Strictly Ballroom by Ba z Lurhmann , The Red Tree by Shaun Tan and Who you are by Jessie J all convey powerful influences such as authority to demonstrate people belonging and not belonging . This is conveyed through the techniques of forcible authority, challenging authority and alienation.

Alcohol Abuse Essay Example for Free

alcoholic beverageic beverage Abuse EssayDrinking is fun, makes me more sociable, makes me more relaxed, helps me forget both my problems and lastly, everyone drinks (attention). More than likely a lot of you have heard someone say these thing or even say these things yourself when it comes to drink (connection). When in event there is a lot more to imbibing intoxicant than you think (importance).Growing up I was surrounded by someone who did heavy drinking in my home, and for the past week of researching my topic I now know the toll alcohol take on people first hand (credibility). That is why after my presentation, I want my audience to know three main disadvantages of alcohol abuse which are impairs theory, harm the body, and may cause death (thesis). physical structureAccording to drugfreeworld.org, Alcohol is best understood as a drug that reduces a persons ability to think rationally and distorts his or her judgment (Foundation for a Drug-Free World, 20062013). In ot her words, Alcohol can make a person do things, and take chances they normally wouldnt while dark (you factor). An example of this would be becoming violent, experimenting with drugs, having unprotected sex, or drinking and driving. In a community- based study, Pernanen found that, 42 percent of violent crimes reported to the law of nature involved alcohol (statistic).In the Chicago tribune there was an article some a Lombard man Adam B. Hearn, 33, he was sentenced 6 years for aggravated battery. His toxicant reported stated that he was heavily intoxicated. Hearn said. I made a horrible decision and Im sick about it (Ward, 2012). Now that I have talked about how alcohol abuse impairs your judgment, Listen to the ways alcohol abuse harms the body (signpost). Studies stated from Jack E. Henningfield, states that when someone has an alcoholic drink, the stomach absorbs about 20 percent of the alcohol, and the remaining 80 percent is sorb by the small intestine (Henning field, 200 8). In other words majority of alcohol is absorbed in your small intestine.(You factor). After being absorbed the alcohol enters the air stream, where the liver breaks down 90 percent of the alcohol in a mental process called oxidation. Once all the alcohol is broken down it passes directly from the digestive tract to the brain. By Alcohol being a depressant it blocks some of the messages essay to get to the brain from neurons. Such as altering a person perception, movement, vision, hearing, and emotions.This is why people who over use alcohol may stagger, lose coordination, or slur speech. Alcohol can also have harm on your outer appearance. Alcohol abuse can cause ageneses to skin, brittle hair, crackled lips, increase the irruption of acne and increase the blood flow to skin as well, making someone sweat and look fused. Alcohol can also cause the reduction of blood flow to the muscles. This can cause server muscles cramps. Alcohol abuse does not just harm outer appearances it can also harm you internally.The liver is know to suffering the most damage, since it is the foundation in the alcoholic elimination process. The main condition is Cirrhosis of the liver. Heartburn and stomach ulcers can also result in alcohol abuse. Other links have been made that it can cause cancer of the mouth, stomach and intestines. A much known condition to the body that alcohol abuse forms is alcohol poising.Alcohol poisoning can cause the body to violently vomit, experience extreme sleepiness, go unconscious, difficulty breathing, low blood sugar, and seizure. Furthermore, it is classical to know the harm alcohol does to the body, to prevent more serious conditions that can lead to death (sign post).As indicated by Jack E. Henningfield in his book Alcohol Addiction Not Worth the Buzz, Each year, approximately 100,000 deaths can be attributed to drinking-either directly or indirectly (Henningfield, 2008). This does not simply mean that 100,000 died just from winning a dri nk but from the poor decision that come from being drunk and from the harm that alcohol causes to the body (you factor).It is a fact that more than one-half of car accidents and twenty five percent of suicides are somehow linked to the use of alcohol (Henningfield, 2008). When you think about it these are all deaths that are avoidable if people would have chosen to drink less. Every year people die from alcohol abuse many do not know the disadvantages of drinking alcohol and that is why I chose to do this research.ConclusionToday I informed you all of the three main disadvantages of drinking too much alcohol which are impairs your judgment, harms your body, and may cause death (summary). Now that you all know more about the disadvantages of drinking alcohol please take them into consideration (action). So the next time you are having a drink, or getting in the car with a drunk driver,ask yourselves, who is in control (ending)?

Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Nursing Essay

Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate genus Cancer Nursing EssayProstate cancer is the most common type of cancer diagnosis of men in Canada. In 2012, approximately 26,500 men in Canada were diagnosed with prostatic cancer and approximately 4,000 died from the disease . Prostate cancer is strongly influenced by androgenic hormoneic steroids . In advanced stage prostate cancer patients are typically treated using androgen deprivation therapy. . Androgen therapy is not curative and whitethorn only improve patients symptoms and may even reduce metastatic lesions . The benefit seen in androgen deprivation is often reduced over years of androgen therapy as the tumour will continue to grow condescension low androgen levels. When this occurs the tumour is known to be castration resistant and is known to lead to prostate cancer- related mortality . Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) may present as either a continuous rise in serum prostate- specific antigen levels (PSA), progression of pre-existing disease, or appearance of new metastases . many another(prenominal) endocrine based therapies have been evaluated for CRPC with minimal success in prolonging patient choice . Systemic nonhormonal therapies using docetaxel, carbaztaxel, and active cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T have been shown to prolong survival . A new drug abiraterone (Zytiga) has shown to improve survival and lower PSA levels in patients with CRPC. This article is to be used by health professionals to gain a thorough understanding of abiraterones indication, mechanism of action, side effects, dosage, clinical evidence, monitoring parameters, and contraindications.IndicationAccording to the product monograph for abiraterone the drug is indicated with prednisone for the treatment of CRPC in patients who have receive prior chemotherapy containing docetaxel.Mechanism of ActionAbiraterone is formulated as a prodrug, abiraterone acetate, which is converted to abiraterone by the body and acts as a selective inhibitor of 17-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (CYP17) . CYP17 is responsible for androgen biosynthesis in testicular, adrenal and prostatic tumor tissues . As illustrated in Figure 1, CYP17 catalyzes the conversion of pregnolone and progesterone into testosterone precursors, DHEA and androstenedione . The reduction in androgen production is undecomposed for androgen-sensitive prostatic carcinoma.722776-fig1.jpgFigure 1. Abiraterones mechanism of action in androgen synthesis Side EffectsThe most common side effects of abiraterone are caused by the mechanism of the drug on CYP17. As seen in Figure 2, suppression of CYP17 causes on increase in the production of mineralocorticoids, which lead to hypokalemia, fluid retention, and hypertension . different common side effects of abiraterone include myopathy, joint pain, abnormal liver function, hot flashes, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, bone fractures and cough . http//jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/9/1 481/F4.large.jpgFigure 2. Effects of abiraterone on mineralocorticoid production .Dosage and AdministrationThe recommended dosage of abiraterone is 1000 milligrams daily as a single superman . The tablets need to be swallowed whole and the dose should be taken on an empty stomach . To reduce the mineralocorticoid effects of abiraterone the patient should also use a low dose prednisone. The recommended dose or prednisone is 10 mg daily .Clinical Trials Evaluating AbirateroneThe effectiveness of abiraterone in CRPC has been demonstrated in several randomized trials. In 2009, a study Attard et al., using forty-two chemotherapy-nave patients with CRPC accepted 1000 mg abiraterone . At follow up (median 505 days) a decline in PSA of 50% of was find in 67% of patients, with declines of 90% in 19% of patients .A 2010 study by Danila et al., of fifty-eight men with CRPC previously on docetaxel received abiraterone 1000 mg daily with 5 mg of prednisone . Results of study illustrated tha t 36 % of patients had a PSA decline of 50% .In 2011, De Bono et al. conducted a study including 1195 patients who had previously received docetaxel . Groups were assigned in a 21 ratio to receive 5 mg of prednisone twice daily with either 1000 mg of abiraterone or placebo . The primary end point of the study was overall survival . The secondary endpoints of the study were time to prostate-specific antigen progression, progression-free survival according to radiological findings based on specified criteria, and PSA response rate . At a median 12.8 month follow-up overall survival was significantly longer in the abiraterone convention compared to the placebo (14.8 months vs. 10.9 months, p. The secondary end points all favoured the treatment group time to PSA progression (10.2 vs. 6.6 months p.The studies using abiraterone in CRPC illustrate that the drug provides a moderate emolument in cancer progression and improves survival in patients.Monitoring ParametersHealth professionals should place on emphasis of monitoring patients using abiraterone. Before treatment hypokalemia and hypertension must be normalized in patients who are scheduled to use the drug .It is important to routinely monitoring a patients blood pressure while they are on this product. Potassium levels should be checked at baseline and regularly to prevent hypokalemia in patients. Patients should also be checked for signs of fluid retention, such as peripheral edema. Liver function tests (ALT, AST, and bilirubin) should be measured prior to initiating abiraterone treatment and continued every two weeks for the first three months of treatment and monthly by and by . Patients should routinely be assessed for other common side effects, including joint pain and urinary tract infections.ConclusionCRPC is a very advanced stage of prostate cancer that is fatal. Abiraterone (Zytiga) has been shown to prolong survival and lower PSA in men with CRPC. The drug works by selectively inhibiting CYP17 and lowering the production of testosterone via upstream inhibition of precursors in prostate, adrenal, testicular tissues. The selective inhibition of CYP17 leads to a large increase in mineralocorticoid activity in the body leading to hypertension, edema, and hypokalemia. The excess mineralocorticoid activity is typically diminished by administering 10 mg of prednisone daily with abiraterone. It is important to note that abiraterone is indicated as a second line therapy for patients who have failed treatment with docetaxel. composition on abiraterone patients need to be monitored for hepatic function, hypertension, hypokalemia, and edema..

Factors that Influence Health and Well-being

Factors that Influence Health and Well-beingDOINA BORSAN UNIT 11 LO3Relevant factors that influence wellness and upbeatOrganization is an companionable unit of slew that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals. All organizations have a commission structure that determines relationships between the varied activities and the members, and subdivides and assigns roles, responsibilities, and authority to carry out different tasks. Organizations are open systemsthey affect and are affected by their environment.To be equal to give a clear definition of wellness needs assessment, health and needs will be looked at separately to understand the appropriate message of these words. Firstly, health is described by the World Health Organisation (WHO, 1948) as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not that on the absence of a diseases or infirmity. With no changes made since 1948, this definition is still well known due to the holistic overview of health and not only the disease. The definition of the word need or needs can be defined in a professional perspective as a necessity within poverty or to lack more or lessthing. (English Dictionary, 2005) This need can be for any individual and within Maslows pyramid it is a motivational theory in psychology that argues that while people aim to meet basic needs, they seek to meet successively higher needs in the word form of a hierarchy of importance.In my opinion, good health is a unity of cardinal aspects, the physical, mental, and societal aspects .The physically content ,able to perform everyday tasks without discomfort. The mentally unchanging the individual must feel adequately fulfilled in life may urge to achieve excellence .The society and environment to be healthy, must live in a surrounding that can accommodate the individuals pursuit for health in relation to sociological perspectives. Wellness is when is quelled with health and quality of life with all aspects such as family, friends, income, giving the individual contentedness. Some determinant factors and their benefits, that contribute to a persons current state of health can bePollution -The pea-souper smog that is famous for cloaking London right up until the 1960s is one example of the effects of over industrial enterprise ,cause a number of accidents (the smog severely limited visibility), also had a very banish effect on the respiration of the populace.Access to health and eudaimonia services Communities are not just isolated from health and welfare services by distance, but some are unable to gain ingress because they feel that they have been let down by health services before, or they do not speak the language that the service is delivered in. For these isolated communities, the health and welfare services may be the only link that they have to help them understand the development issues that the rest of society takes seriously.Family relationships -Not all fam ily relationships are good, diversion from the more obvious cases of abuse, there are lots of ways in which members of our family can adversely affect our health. The family member may not even befool that they are having a negative effect on our growth and development.Friendships -Good friends are the ideal support network to stop us from getting so overthrow about something that we fall into depression. Not only do they cheer us up whenever we see them, but talking to them about our worries also stops us worrying so much .At certain points during our life, though, friendships may break down taking with them our feelings of stability.Educational experience The amount of education you should have, in theory, allow you to go against evaluate the opportunities that arise through life. Poor education can result in serious poverty one of the main causes of ill health.Employment Everyday, hundreds of people die because they work too hard. Being unhappy in your job can make you dr ink excessively and working large amounts of overtime operator that you may not have enough time to utilization correctly or eat a well-balanced meal.Ethnicity and religion Different cultures and religions have different ways of looking at the world .More extreme religious rituals that affect health, such as female circumcision, are outlawed in the UK.Genetic inheritance the role that genes play in our lives, they can transmit some disorders from one generation to another or make us more susceptible to some illnesses or disabilities.Diet -Not getting the right amount of food, or a decent nutritional balance within that food, may have a negative effect on the growth and development of an individual.Physical exercise People who do different types of physical exercise develop different body types, exercise is important in the health care .Illness and disease individuals do not grow or develop at the same rate as all those around them, everybody develops at a different rate anywa y.Family relationships People who come from stable, loving families have a less difficult time ontogenesis socially and emotionally. Family relationships can be some of the strongest we will ever have.Friendships You can choose your friends, but you cant choose your family, as they say. Sometimes, chatting with friends is the only thing that keeps you sane, come outicularly after a blazing row with the family.Intimate personal and sexual relationships become the most significant of your life, theres nothing more special than making a real connection with someone. A relationship (or partnership) can significantly shape your personal development.The World Health Organization (WHO) created the Commission on Social Determinants of Health, which uses the three principles to guide its work in eliminating health inequities for local communities and nations and throughout the worldImprove the conditions of daily lifethe circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. play the inequitable distribution of power, money, and resourcesthe structural drivers of those conditions of daily lifeglobally, nationally, and locally.Measure the problem, evaluate action, expand the knowledge base, develop a workforce that is trained in the social determinants of health, and raise public awareness about the social determinants of health .In the content of health and wellbeing factors , the education have a significant part in people development. It gives us the opportunity to learn about ourselves, acquire social skills and spreads influential messages about health. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is committed to achieving improvements in peoples lives by reducing health inequities. Health organizations, institutions, and education programs are encouraged to look beyond behavioural factors and address underlying factors related to social determinants of health.References smoke RA, Rogers RG, Nam CB, Ellison CG,(1999), Religious involvement and U.S. adult mortality,Demography, 36(2),Pp.273-85.Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH JAMA,(2005), Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity,293(15),Pp.1861-7.Maslow, A. H. ,(1943),A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4),Pp 370-96.Linkshttp//www.channel4learning.com/sites/gcsease/health_social/3_15_detail2.htmlhttp//www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/FAQ.htmlhttp//www.antiessays.com/free-essays/214197.htmlhttp//www.help4adhd.org/en/education/rights/ideahttp//www.federalgrantswire.com/university-centers-for-excellence-in-developmental-disabilities-education-research-and-service.html.UqYp8ictluY

Politics Essays Radical Islam Uzbekistan

Politics Essays motif Islam UzbekistanRadical Islam UzbekistanPreventing Radical Islam and Conflicts in UzbekistanIf one thing hasnt changed in profound Asia and especially in Uzbekistan after US War on terrorism, its the authorities fear of Hizb-ut-Tahrir and IMU Muslim movements banned in all interchange Asian countries, with its headquarters in Europe, that strives to recreate an undivided Muslim caliphate, encompassing all Muslim lands.Soon after Uzbekistan gain license after Soviet Unions collapse, Uzbekistan want other 15 former Soviet countries began its own way in socioeconomic and democratic emergence. As we can see from 1991 till about 1998 Uzbekistan achieved around progress comparing other four Central Asian countries Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.Great potential of Uzbekistan like rich natural resources, industrial and agricultural sectors and human resources (Uzbekistan is about populous country in Central Asia and during Soviet period wa s fourth close important country in whole Soviet Union) and other factors helped Uzbekistan to frame the basic country in Central Asia in the early stages of Independence.It is still the regions most militarily capable and populous country, and large Uzbek minorities make up in neighboring states. But those great reforms of too corrupt and repressive government were short term and self interests of president, his family and too much corrupt centralize Government and their authoritarian rule showed that Uzbekistan could non achieve those ideal results, which were promised before by hot seat.Socioeconomic decline caused and still causes some affairs inside country and Uzbekistans unequal relations with its neighbors and efforts trying to be dominant country in the region resulted m whatever conflicts among other Central Asian Countries.Uzbekistan is multinational country consisting volume of Uzbeks and 85 percent of the country is Muslims (99 percent Sunnites). My great fe ar is that soon after Uzbekistan Presidents rule ends, who has been on the post more than 18 eld, a urbane war for Uzbek throne forget be began by Fundamental Islamists bases and main Governmental clans and it whitethorn outlast long time ventilation to other Central Asian states and could be bloody.That the conflict in Uzbekistan poses a threat is largely a result of government policies that nurse led to a combination of authoritarian rule, economic decline, social discontent, and a polarized political arna in which radical Islamist classifys have begun to occupy an important underground role. These domestic pressures ar played against a backdrop of poor relations with neighboring states, and in a region characterized by instability and may cause many conflicts. lordly RegimeThe government is highly centralized and personalized around President. Uzbekistan has neither any opposition nor democratic parties. Uzbekistan is straightaway considered as one the ten most repre ssive and authoritarian countries in the world and the situation is becoming more and more severe.Evidence continues to mount that Uzbekistans unique state-construction model is falling apart. However, now after recent Andijan (an east city of the country) massacre in 2005, where thousands of nation led by mainly topical anaesthetic anaesthetic businessmen protested against Presidents condemnable regime, the President showed no intention to leave his post killing hundreds of innocent civilians.Decisions atomic number 18 largely made by President only and parliament is zero point precisely a puppet show. There is widespread evidence of human- pays abuses by the guarantor forces against political opponents of the regime. Media has no democracy and the main role of media is propaganda and informing people that Uzbekistan is achieving great results in development and plays great role in International arena, and praising the President for his merits.Besides, the fact is that one cannot get access for Independent net web sites which shows the real picture. Any International media, organizations, and NGOs criticizing Uzbekistan is banned and prohibited in the state.Elections are held both to the presidency and to parliament do not meet multinational standards of free and f telephone line elections. OSCE and other International Organizations refused many times to participate in elections announcing all elections of Uzbekistan against democratic standards. However, the first election for presidency after independence was fairly democratic, but still taking into account the fact that current president Mr. Karimov was at that time a First Secretary of the Communist caller of the state (same as President of a State), the elections were viewed as not free and fair by international observers.After independence Mr. Karimov encouraged anti-Russian nationalist design and millions of Russians and many other nations fled Uzbekistan. Activities of missionaries from o r so Moslem countries with absence of real opportunities to participate in public affairs grantd to popularization of radical interpretation of Islam. In 1999, 2000, and 2004 some terroristic acts were held in Uzbekistan and even an attempt to kill President but President Karimov nearly escaped an attempt.The government blamed the Moslem reason of Uzbekistan (IMU), Hizb-ut-Tahrir, Wahhabism and other Radical Islamists Groups in the attacks. In result of legal philosophy-enforcement operations, thousands of people were suspected and imprisoned.During the early stages of independence, many observers considered Uzbekistans relative socio-economic and political stability to President Islam Karimovs authoritarian policies. contempt the countrys often abysmal human rights record, and over the protests of human rights organizations and increasingly repressed opposition groups, most international financial assistance (including security assistant) has continued to flow.Ironically, in past the Uzbekistan governments frequent abuses out of concerns regarding Islamist radicalism in the region, the international community has inadvertently helped create exactly the figures that it has always feared the most. ontogeny political repression and poverty now provide a fertile breeding ground for violence, instability and increasingly active Islamist extremist groups. The authoritarian approach has at best postponed, but not defused, economic and political crisis.It requires relatively enormous financial, human and other resources for the government of Uzbekistan to maintain authoritarian rule and keep promise over competing internal factions tack together on regionalism, ethnicity, and patronage nedeucerks. The establishment of near absolute federal agency by the executive subdivision has only been achieved though a brutal crackdown on moderate voices and through power-sharing arrangements with leftover Soviet-era bureaucrats in the power ministries.Tashkents auth oritarian domestic approach has sparked a political crisis mark by mismanagement, the emergence of a strong Islamist opposition, broad economic dislocation, endemic corruption, growing dissatisfaction with the government, poor relations with neighbors and move regional turmoil.Radical IslamThus as mentioned before, Uzbek governments eliminating all oppositions and democratic leaders created exactly the conditions that it has always feared the most. Socioeconomic decline, human rights abuses, corrupted government acts and other factors caused many people who are tired of government to follow only existing leaders Radical Islamists Groups leaders.Two major groups opposed to the regime have been active after independence. These are the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and Hizb ut-Tahrir. Main ideology of these groups is almost the same to overthrown the Presidents regime and to create a Caliphate Islamic State according to shariah (Islam Constitution) not only in Uzbekistan bu t in addition in some other Central Asian countries.The main difference of these two Islamic groups is that Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) is a military violent group, while Hizb-ut-Tahrir is more a politic group and against violence, which is based on Islamic Ideology. However, both of them are considered as Radical Islamist Groups.IMU Islamic Movement of UzbekistanThe unrest that led to the formation of the IMU began in late 1991, when some unemployed young Muslims seized the Communist Party headquarters in the eastern city of Namangan, incensed at the mayors refusal to give them land on which to build a mosque. The men were led by Mr. Tohir Yuldeshev, and Mr. Jumaboi Khojaev.Mr. Yuldeshev, a 24-year-old college drop-out, was a rise-known(a) mullah in the Islamic underground movement, while Mr. Khojaev was a former Soviet paratrooper who had served in Afghanistan where he was said to have developed a high regard for the mujahidin against whom he fought and revitalized hi s Muslim faith.The group led by Yuldeshev and Khojaev, who later adopted the alias Juma Namanganiy, after his fellowshiptown (Namangan city), were members of the recently formed Uzbekistan branch of the Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP). Disillusioned at the IRPs refusal to demand the establishment of a Muslim state, these men set up their own splinter movement, Adolat (or Justice) which called for an Islamic revolution in Uzbekistan.President Karimov banned Adolat party in 1992, arresting many of its members. The groups leadership fled to Tajikistan, enlisting with the IRP there. With the outbreak of that countrys civil war, Yuldeshev moved to Afghanistan, later base a net working(a) odyssey around the worlds Islamic states, visiting Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Tur get a line. He also met with various intelligence agencies, requesting funds and sanctuary.He received both from Pakistans Interservices Intelligence, and was based in Peshawar from 1995 to 1998. It has been claimed that Yuldeshev was also funded by intelligence services and Islamic charities in Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Turkey. He also met with Chechen rebel leaders during the first Chechen war of 1994-96, as well as establishing underground cells of the Adolat party across Central Asia which would be crucial in the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) campaigns five years later.Meanwhile, Namangani fought in the Tajik civil war, establishing a reputation for himself as a daring fighter and becoming a revered and charismatic leader. When the war ended, Namangani at first refused to accept the cease-fire. Eventually he was persuaded to do so, settling with his family and some fifty of his men at a farm in the village.Here he began working in the transportation business and, it has been alleged, first became involved in heroin smuggling as a way of feeding his growing camp of followers, which attracted many of Central Asias Islamic radicals, dis alter at the ceasefire in Tajik istan which many viewed as a sell-out. Proceedings from drug smuggling were also used to finance the group which, in 1998, became known as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU). This connection with drug trafficking has continued, and the organization reportedly handles 70 percent of the heroin and opium traffic through Central Asia.The IMUs creation was announced from Kabul by Namangani and Yuldeshev, the latter having settled here by this time as a guest of the Taliban. Yuldeshev was also given a residence in Kandahar, where Mullah Muhammad Omar, the Talibans spiritual leader, and Osama bin Laden also lived. By now Yuldeshev had met Bin Laden, who recognized the Uzbek as a potential ally in Central Asia, a region where al Qaeda had few contacts and cultivated him as such.Namangani and Yuldeshev decided to move their operations to Afghanistan in 1997 in the face of mellisonant crackdowns in Uzbekistan, provoked by a series of bloody murders attributed to the Uzbek Islamic extre mists. Moreover, the ceasefire in Tajikistan made it an unreliable sanctuary, while the Taliban made natural allies for Yuldeshev and Namangani, not least in that Uzbek President Karimov was supporting the anti-Taliban forces in Afghanistan.The United States believed that bin Laden supplied most of the funding for setting up the IMU, with some Uzbek and Tajik officials saying the al Qaeda leader encouraged Yuldeshev and Namangani to organize such a the group in the first place, which declared a jihad against the Uzbek government and sought to establish an Islamic state in Uzbekistan.The organization is also believed to have received funding from Saudi sources, including some close to Prince Turki al-Faisal, the head of Saudi intelligence. The IMU, like the Taliban and al Qaeda has no overarching political manifesto, being more interested in implementing sharia not as a way of creating just society but simply as a means to regulate personal behavior and dress code for Muslims a conc ept that distorts centuries of tradition, culture, history, and even the religion of Islam itself. The organization also lacks the legitimacy of the Tajik Islamicists, drawing its idea of Islamism from foreign sources, namely, Saudi Wahhabism and the Talibans version of Deobandism.Central Asias Ferghana Valley, where the Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Tajik frame ups converge, has been the main area for IMU operations, and the organization has launched punitive campaigns here in 1999, 2000 and 2001, which have affected all three countries and disrupted relations between them. There were some fights between Uzbek military forces and IMU units came through borders of Tajikistan and Kirgizstan. Uzbekistan responded by laying mines on much of its border with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, which have led to the deaths of scores of local people. Moreover, Uzbek Air forces bombed a village in Kirgizstan which was occupied by IMU warriors. These and other events led to disrupted relations among Central As ian countries.In addition, the IMU was responsible for a series of car bombings in the Uzbek capital of Tashkent which killed many people in 1999, as well as numerous kidnappings. The group also fought in the civil war in Afghanistan, and is currently fighting alongside Taliban and al Qaeda forces. Pakistani sources claim that the IMU may have supplied bin Laden with fissile material for manufacturing an improvised nuclear explosive device.More recently, significant numbers of IMU fighters were involved in the battle in the Shah-I-Kot valley, and there is little doubt that the organization has suffered heavy losses at the detainment of U.S. and coalition forces. There has also been speculation that Namangani was killed in earlier U.S. air raids.If so, his death did not stop his men putting up fierce resistance at Shah-I-Kot. Moreover, the IMUs power base lies not in Afghanistan, but in the Ferghana Valley itself, a region the organization has found to be a fertile recruiting ground , largely due to the brutal and counterproductive reprisals of the President Karimov regime. It may well be there that any final show-down with the remnants of the group that poses the greatest threat to Central Asias security will take place.Hizb ut-TahrirHizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami (The Party of Islamic Liberation) stands apart from snap off known radical Islamist movements by its apparent opposition to the use of violence. But its views are highly radical, advocating the overthrow of governments throughout the Muslim world and their replacement by an Islamic state in the form of a recreated Caliphate.It has grown quickly in Central Asia and been met with a heavy-handed repression that threatens to radicalize members still further and sow the seeds of greater Islamist extremism in the region.Hizb ut-Tahrir first emerged among Palestinians in Jordan in the early 1950s. It has achieved a small, but highly committed following in a number of Middle east states and has also gained in po pularity among Muslims in Western Europe and Indonesia. It began working in Central Asia in the mid-1990s and has developed a committed following inside Uzbekistan, and to a lesser extent in neighboring Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan.Estimates of its strength vary widely, but a rough figure is probably 15-20,000 throughout Central Asia. Its influence should not be exaggerated it has little public support in a region where there is limited appetite for political Islam but it has become by far the largest radical Islamist movement in the area.Hizb ut-Tahrir is not a religious organization, but rather a political party whose ideology is based on Islam. It aims to re-establish the historical Caliphate in order to bring together all Muslim lands under Islamic rule and establish a state capable of counterbalancing the West. It rejects contemporaneous efforts to establish Islamic states, asserting that Saudi Arabia and Iran do not meet the necessary criteria. According to Hizb ut -Tahrir, the Islamic state is one in which Islamic law Sharia is applied to all walks of life, and there is no compromise with other forms of legislation.Hizb ut-Tahrir claims to reject violence as a form of political struggle, and most of its activities are peaceful. In theory, the group rejects terrorism, considering the killing of innocents to be against Islamic law. However, behind this rhetoric, there is some ideological justification for violence in its literature, and it admits participation in a number of failed coup attempts in the Middle East. It also has contacts with some groups much less scrupulous about violence. But despite the allegations of governments, there is no make of its involvement in terrorist activities in Central Asia or elsewhere.Government solutions have been contradictory and often ineffective. In much of the Middle East, the organization is banned from acting openly, and many of its members have been imprisoned. Central Asian governments have take n particularly harsh stances, with Uzbekistan leading the way by arresting and sentencing thousands of members to long prison terms. In some other Muslim countries, such as Indonesia, Hizb ut-Tahrir acts more or less openly, as it does in much of Western Europe.Wider policies of governments in Central Asia have probably contributed to the growth of Hizb ut-Tahrir, particularly in Uzbekistan. Repression by the Uzbek government has given it a certain mystique among some of the population, and the lack of alternative forms of political opposition or expression of discontent has ensured that it has attracted members from the mass of those opposed to the regime for political reasons.Poor economic policies have further undermined support for the government, and induced discontent among traders a key Hizb ut-Tahrir constituency. Uzbekistans restrictive border regime has also increased support for a group that advocates a universal Muslim state, with no national distinctions.For a small bu t significant group of predominantly young men, Hizb ut-Tahrir gives an easy explanation for their own failure to achieve change in their personal lives, in society or in the state system. It provides young men with some meaning and structured belief in an era of otherwise confusing and tight social change. It also offers occasional material benefit and social support in states characterized by extreme poverty and social breakdown.Repression of its members, and often of those merely associated with them, has radicalized the movement, and had an repair on wider societies. Given the radical ideas of the group and the conspiratorial nature of its political struggle, it is understandable that governments are concerned about its impact on stability.But too often governments in the region, particularly in Uzbekistan, use Hizb ut-Tahrir as an excuse for their own failure to carry out political and economic reform and for continuing suppression of religious activity outside narrow officia l structures. Too often the international community has turned a blind eye to this repression. The West, and the U.S. in particular, is in danger of damaging its reputation in the region by close association with Central Asian dictatorships.Concern over Nuclear act of terrorismBefore the collapse of the Soviet Union, Central Asia and especially Kazakhstan with Uzbekistan played an active role in the development of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) due to its massive reserves of uranium tapped for fissile material. As the Soviet Union collapsed, the Soviet military-industrial complex left behind significant amounts of WMD as well as bad guarded reactors and facilities for uranium enrichment.These facilities have been of increasing concern for the states in the region, as well as the United States, as nuclear weapons and material could get into the hands of terrorists or rogue states. The Institute of Nuclear Physics in Tashkent has been considered as especially vulnerable to terror ism due to the presence of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) in the country and their ties to Al Qaeda. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Osama Bin-Ladens top deputy, reportedly bragged that they would send their people to Moscow, to Tashkent, to other Central Asian states, and they negotiate, and Terroristic groups would purchase some suitcase nuclear bombs. The truth behind this could be disputed, but the fact remains that the United States have since 9/11 invested large sums to prevent such a development in Central Asia.Clans WarfareThe Samarkand and Tashkent (two biggest cities of the state) clans are believed to be the most powerful on Uzbekistans political scene. And it looks like the rivalry between the two has deepened lately. President Islam Karimov, a native of Samarkand, a former finance minister in the Uzbek Soviet republic, came to power in 1989 with the support of the head of the Samarkand clan.Since the early geezerhood of independence, Karimov not wanting to damage his own position has attempted to achieve a balance of power among different political groups. However, that has fueled rivalries even more.Actually, President Karimov benefits from the rivalry most of all. He can be calmly sitting in his office, watching, and feeling very safe. What happened recently to top officials, and what is likely to happen to many others is nothing but clan rivalry.The rivalry between the Interior Ministry (MVD) and National Security Council (SNB) (former KGB) is typical in ex-Soviet countries. But in Uzbekistan this rivalry has deepened lately. One is tend to think that all processes are driven by inter-clan relationships. The two strongest clans for the time being are the MVD and the SNB. They compete and fight with each other all the time.Does President Karimov, who has skillfully maintained the balance of power among the clans for several years, have full control over the situation? Or has he been influenced by those clans?Analysts say that Karimov doesnt hav e full control. President Karimov benefits from the rivalry among the clans. However, he is playing a dangerous game, as one of these clans is likely to overthrow President Karimov and put in power someone from their clan instead of him.I dont know how long this agony will last, but society could explode any moment, triggered by some insignificant event that will then have a chain reaction. People are on the edge. The authorities havent grasped the situation. They dont understand how strong peoples despair is and what the people are capable of doing at this moment. But within more than 16 years of Independence any conditions for a peaceful and democratic handover of power have not been created, statehood remains clannish, and no politicians with public personas have appeared in the last 16 years.ConclusionClosed political systems, lack of freedom of speech, lack of economic progress, socioeconomic decline and unreformed and brutal security services all contribute to the growth of ra dical opposition groups.In order to avoid future conflicts the followings should be implemented by the Government of Uzbekistan such asDecentralization, the delegation of power to a lower level, and the expansion of the power and opportunities for local self-governance bodies and local government authorities in Uzbekistan today must be combined with the establishment of discriminative oversight independent of executive bodies, the strengthening of the role of civil-based organizations and the development of an independent mass media.Without the simultaneous development of all the aforementioned components, decentralization and the promotion of local self governance may result in continuing management by the authorities of the local community organizations, limiting the citizens participation in local governance. Such a reduction of peoples participation in community actions is likely to increase social tension.The government should permit secular as well as religious opposition gro ups, including the Birlik Peoples Movement and the Erk Democratic Party and other Islamists Parties, to register as political parties. Moreover, government should to appropriate Representatives of Islam to join and actively act in the Parliament.The government should allow human rights groups of Uzbekistan to register officially as non-governmental organizations and should direct the security services to stop daunting their staff.More resources should be channeled directly into improving national living standards, rather than enlarging the already considerable role of regional police and military forces.The constitutional right to practice religion in private and public, freely and without interference, should be upheld. The government should implement the constitutional separation of state and religion and end its practice of designating state-sponsored Islamic leaders.The separation and equality of the executive, judiciary and legislative branches declared by the Constitution sh ould be upheld.The government should combat unlawful practices by security agencies, such as the harassment of journalists and human rights activists.The International CommunityThe International Community has a key role to play and it is in the security interests of the international community to ensure that political opposition to unpopular regimes does not by default coalesce into a more militant group, with a more violent and dangerous agendum than the present-day some Radical Islamists Groups.The international community, in particular the United States, the European Union nations and Japan, must be more discriminating in their response to the problem of Islamist extremism, recognizing that unquestioning support for secular dictatorships only antagonizes Central Asian Muslim communities, thus encouraging extremism and an anti-Western orientation.Government donors to Uzbekistan should make it clear that their assistance will be predicated on political liberalization, including su ch measures as registering opposition parties and human rights organizations to encourage the establishment of a legitimate political opposition and an unhindered civil society.The U.S. Russian and Chinese governments should withhold security assistance until Uzbekistans human rights record, including performance of the security services, improves significantly, and, in keeping with the International Religious Freedom Act, should condition the future of the Joint Commissions on Uzbekistans efforts to combat human rights abuses based on the religious convictions of its citizens.The United States, the EU and Japan should demand investigations into the case of the human being Rights Defenders and other Political Enemies of Uzbekistan who are right now in jails of Uzbekistan or were killed by regional police and military forces.The international financial institutions should condition their aid on the Uzbek government making considerable progress in opening the economy, developing the rule of law and fostering democracy.Bibliography and ReferencesUzbekistan at ten Repression and Instability, International Crisis Group Report, Brussel/Osh, 21 August 2001Civil society, religious freedom, and Islam Karimov Uzbekistans struggle for a decent society, John R. Pottenger, Routledge, March 2004Uzbekistan Transition to Authoritarian on the Silk Road, Neil J. Melvin. Amsterdam, Harwood, 2000Islam and Central Asia, S. Eisenhower and R. Sagdaeev, Washington, DC. The Eisenhower Institute, 2000Civil conflict and the construction of democratic polities in the Muslim world The cases of Algeria and Uzbekistan, European consortium for political research Joint Sessions of Workshops Uppsala, 13-18 April 2004Central Asia Caucasus Analysthttp//www.cacianalyst.org/index.phpFergana.ruhttp//enews.ferghana.ru/index.php?cid=2History of Uzbekistanhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_UzbekistanInternational Crisis Grouphttp//www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1432l=1Stop dictator Karim ov Stop totalitarian regimes around the world http//dot-stopdictatorkarimov.com-614467.namezero.com//id6.htmlTerrorism Projectshttp//www.cdi.org/terrorism/imu.cfmHizb ut-Tahrirhttp//hrw.org/reports/2004/uzbekistan0304/6.htm

The Titanic Essay -- essays research papers

The large - History of a DisasterOn April 14,1912 a great ship called the large sank on its maiden voyage. That night there were many warns of deoxyephedrinebergs from other ships. There seems to be a conflict on whether or not the warnings reached the bridge. We may neer know the answer to this question. The greatest tragedy of all may be that there were not enough lifeboats for every whizz on board. According to Walter Lord, author of The Night Lives On, the Titanic could have been saved in the very beginning of the crisis when the iceberg was first reported to the bridge. If First Officer Murdoch had steamed right at the iceberg preferably of trying to avoid it, he might have saved the ship. The author feels there would have been a loud crash and anyone within the first one hundred feet would have been killed, but the ship would have remained afloat (82). This view was entirely speculation and we will never really know if this would have happened. In contrast, Geoffrey Marc us, author of The Maiden Voyage, suggests that the bridge did not receive warning of the ice from the very beginning. One of the messages received was from the Masaba warning the Titanic of a mass of ice lying straight ahead. According to Marcus, the message never reached the bridge, but instead was shoved under a paperweight (126). At 1030 p.m. that evening, a ship divergence the opposite direction of the Titanic was sighted. This ship, the Rappahannock, had emerged from an ice field and had sustained damage to its rudder. The vessel signaled the Titanic about the ice and the Titanic replied that the message was received (Marcus 127). At 11 p.m. another ice report was received. This one was from the Californian. This liner had passed through the same ice field that the Rappahannock had reported to the Titanic. Like all the other warnings, this warning never reached the bridge though it was known to both of the Titanics wireless operators (Marcus 128). By the time the bridge realiz ed the ship was about to realise an iceberg, it was too late. Quartermaster Hitchens tried to turn the wheel hard to the starboard. Twenty seconds later, he had an order for full speed astern but the iceberg was too close. The starboard side hit the iceberg, bringing a block of ice onto the deck (Pellegrino 21). After the collision bumpred, there was only one thing open for Captain Smith to do. It was close midnight a... ...ion,thereby opening up the ship to the sea. Another major discovery wasthat the stern of the Titanic had wrenched itself away from the restof the ship in its descent to the bottom. (Ward 186) The coda survivorof the Titanic recently died in her home in Massachusetts. With herdeath, many of the unanswered questions of the Titanic may have alsodied. Hopefully, a tragedy bid this will never have to happen again.As stated before, ships are now expected to have enough lifeboats foreveryone on board. Ships also route their lanes further to the southduring iceber g season. Hopefully, in some small, way this will make adifference if such an accident at sea should ever occur again.---Work CitedEaton, John P., and Charles A. Haas. Titanic Triumph and Tragedy. NewYork W. W. Norton & Company, 1986. PP 152-184.Pellegrino, Charles. Her Name Titanic. New York McGraw-HillPublishing Company, 1988. PP 20-21.Marcus, Geoffrey. The Maiden Voyage. New York The Viking Press, 1969.PP 35-128.Lord, Walter. A Night To Remember. Mattituck American House, 1955. PP152-170.Ward, Kaari, ed. Great Disasters. Pleasantville The Readers haveAssociation, Inc., 1989. PP 180-87.

The Holocaust: Buchenwald :: European Europe History

The Holocaust BuchenwaldIntroduction The Holocaust is the most horrifying crime against humanity of all times. Hitler, in an attempt to establish the pure Aryan race, decided that all mentally ill, gypsies, non supporters of Nazism, and Jews were to be eliminated from the German population.He proceeded to reach his goal in a systematic scheme. wiz of his main methods of doing away with these undesirables was through the use of concentration camps. In January 1941, in a meeting with his top officials, the final solution was decided. The Jewish population was to be eliminated. In this paper I will discuss concentration camps with a detailed description of the worst one prior to World War II, Buchenwald. Concentration Camps The number one concentration camps were set up in 1933. In the early days of Hitlers regime, concentration camps were places that held people in protective custody. Victims for protective custody included those who were any physically or mentally ill, gypsies, hom osexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, Jews and anyone against the Nazi regime. Gypsies were classified as people with at least two gypsy great grandparents. By the blockade of 1933 there were at least fifty concentration camps throughout occupied Europe. At first, the camps were delayled by the Gestapo (police), but by 1934 the SS, Hitlers personal security force, were ordered, by Hitler, to control the camps. Camps were set up for several different purposes. Some for forced labor, others for medical experiments and, later on, for wipeout/extermination. Transition camps were set up as holding places for death camps. Henrick Himmler, chief of the German police, the Gestapo, thought that the camps would provide an economic base for the soldiers. This did not happen. The work force was poorly organized and working conditions were inhumane. Therefore, productivity was minimal. Camps were set up along railroad lines, so that the prisoners would be conveniently close to their destination. As th ey were being transported, the soldiers kept telling the Jews to have hope. When the camps were finally opened, most of the families who were shipped out in concert ended up being separated. Often, the transports mirrored what went on in the camps cruelty by the officers, near starvation of those being transported, fetid and unsanitary conditions on the trains. On the trains, Jews were starved of food and water for days. Many people did not survive the ride to arrive at the camp. Jews were forced to obey the guards orders from the moment they arrived at the camps.