Different Parenting Styles

Introduction This paper seeks to undertake a research on different parenting styles and how they affect growth and development of adolescent children. The purpose of this research is to indicate aspects relating to parenting and their subsequent impact on behavior in adolescents.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Different Parenting Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parenting is both an art and a science as it seeks to offer emotional and physical support to an infant from the onset of childhood until their maturity into adulthood. These infants are dependent on their parents until they reach a stage where they are self reliant and self sufficient (Harper, 2012). Parenting is a key aspect in the family life as it engages nurturing young child to be adults based on pre-determined norms and values. There is no particular formula for good parenting as it entails acquisition of a variety of skills rangin g from flexibility, perceptiveness, patience and high levels of personal discipline. These skills are vital to ensure that as an adolescent child undergoes behavioral changes, the parent is in a position to anticipate and control the adolescent’s behavior. Significance of the study The adolescent period of development refers to a stage that every human being has to undergo. However, adolescent children undergo a variety of developmental changes that require parents to understand their behavior to easily accommodate them. Some of the changes which the children go through revolve around emotional, biological, mental and social changes, which require them to adapt to changing situations. The purpose of this research is to enable parents understand how to apply the right kind of parenting style on children undergoing adolescence. It further seeks to highlight and discuss different parenting styles to facilitate smooth relationships between parents and their children during this p eriod of their lives. Literature Review The literature review highlights previous insights that have been advanced by scholars in the past relating to parenting. Parenting styles refer to approaches regarding childbearing based on aspects of control (degree of parental control) and responsiveness (often referred to as parental warmth). This section analyzes the major types of parenting styles and further looks into suggested styles that have been attributed to successful adolescent upbringing. Development in adolescent children is influenced by a variety of factors, mainly parenting (Rankin, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Parenting Styles The major types of parenting styles include authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved parenting. Different stages of child development demand for a style of parenting that is appropriate to that situation. Furthermore, different cultural and ethnic settings impact the kind of style applied by parents. More often than not, past experience (relating to how parents were raised) may negatively or positively impact how parents raise their adolescent children. Below is a discussion of the types of parenting. Authoritative parenting Authoritative parents generally exercise a level of parental warmth despite eliciting strictness. They encourage their children to become self reliant and independent. They are willing to engage in dialogue with their children to determine the best way forward for both parties. Despite allowing children to contribute to decision making, parents are clear on their boundaries and children understand that the overarching responsibility of discipline lies on their parents (Sigelman and Rider, 2011). Adolescent children from such families are socially empowered and are in a better decision to develop social relationships better. Furthermore they are more competent as they exercis e a level of independence and responsibility. Adolescent children from this style have the notion that their parents value their emotions. This makes authoritative parenting a democratic style of parenting (Sigelman and Rider, 2011). Authoritarian parenting Authoritarian parents demonstrate a lot of parental control, however their warmth towards their children is demanding. They invoke a feeling of ‘I am the boss’ around their children due to the fact that whatever they say goes and should not be discussed. They set their own standards and expect their children to strictly adhere to them without question or referral. This is however not the best style of parenting to be applied on adolescents as such children may end up being rebellious as they desire to be independent. The disadvantage of this style of parenting is that it over-estimates the value of discipline and forgets to highlight the importance of independence and self reliance, which is vital for maturity of an adolescent child (Bjorklund and Blasi, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Different Parenting Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Permissive parenting Permissive parents are passive; they are gullible to their adolescent children’s demands. They fear disappointing their children and end up saying yes to all their demands. They do not view themselves as major contributors towards decisions made by adolescent children. They sit back and allow nature to take its course. As a result, adolescents growing up in such settings are not used to disciplinary action and lack respect for rules and regulations. Adolescent children in such families have issues with exercising self control and are usually used to having their way. The result is depression and anxiety in the event that things do not work their way (Schaffer and Kipp, 2009). Uninvolved parenting This is one of the most unfortunate types of parenting. The word is simple, the parents are uninvolved. They make no contributions to decision making on matters that influence adolescent children’s lives. They basically have an ‘I do not care attitude’ that allows children to do whatever they want. They neither exercise any form of control nor display any kind of affection towards their children. In this case, parents do not spend quality time with their children and this negatively impacts children at the adolescent stage. Most parents involved in this style of parenting have misplaced priorities and are usually pre-occupied in other activities which they hold in high regard at the expense of their children. Some of the activities that such parents may be involved in include drug abuse, crime and addictions to alcohol. Adolescent children in this kind of setting end up being very reserved and have problems establishing social relations. Communication is also a challenge and they have impulsive behaviors ( Brooks, 2000). Previous research on parenting styles A proper balance between the degree of control and warmth (or responsiveness) should be established to raise a child properly. Different stages in child development call for the application of a different style of parenting. Among the listed parenting styles highlighted above, developmental psychologists have cited that the authoritative style of parenting is the best for raising adolescent children in a manner that ensures wholeness and desired positive development. This is due to the fact that such children end up understanding the importance of self reliance and are nurtured towards being independent.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the adherence to standards and rules, such children understand the importance of these rules and the relevance of the same. They do not simply follow regulations blindly; rather, they understand the rationale behind existence of standards. However, psychologists have equally cited that an adolescent’s behavior may determine the kind of parenting style applied by parents. If the child is responsive, obedient and accommodative, parents are likely to exercise authoritative parenting. Irresponsible, de-motivated and uncooperative adolescents may end up having parents who are either uninvolved or authoritarian and usually have poor self esteem. As a result, they engage in drugs and are often suicidal (Mruk, 2006). Research questions and hypothesis Research questions are the guiding principles of the research. They seek to provide answers to objectives of the research. The research question to be employed in this study is: What is the impact of parental styles to adolescent behavior? The variables that are under study comprise of independent and dependent variables. The dependent variables are behavior, growth and development of an adolescent child. The independent variable is the parenting style applied. Null hypothesis Parental styles have no significant impact on adolescent behavior. Alternative hypothesis Parental styles have a significant impact on adolescent behavior. Research Method For this kind of research, a quantitative method will be applied and hypothesis used to test the validity of the research. The use of quantitative research supports the establishment of a relationship between one variable (independent) and another variable (dependent). It requires numerical analysis to understand underlying motives and provide objective evidence to describe patterns in elements comprising the population. Quantitative research supports inquiry into a specified problem and thereby goes on to use statistical techniques to provide meaning to the data co llected (Prunckun, 2010). Reasons for use of quantitative research The research will incorporate the use of quantitative research due to the fact that the research will be more objective and logical. The aim of this research is to develop generalizations to enable the researcher understand cause and effect including occurrence of phenomena. The method to be applied is experimental which will entail true experiments characterized by random assignment of population elements to different situations. This is because raising adolescents occurs in a variety of different environments hence the need to test each of the reactions based on the parenting style being applied. Research design A research design is a detailed plan of how the research will be conducted according to the nature of data required in order to investigate the research hypotheses or questions in an economic manner. The research design presents the determination and approach for the study. It entails defining the populatio n, sampling, procedures, measures, ethical protection of participants and tests of validity (Kothari, 2007). Population The population forms a group of people or objects which are similar in one or more ways and which form the subject of study. From the population, the sample will be selected. For the purposes of accuracy, speed, depth of information and costs involved, a sample will be drawn from the population residing in neighborhoods in Boston. Sampling Having identified the target population as families in Boston, inferences will be made from the findings that will equally be used as a reference to other enterprises. According to Kothari (2007), a sampling frame is the list of a group or a cluster which forms the basis of the sampling processes where a representative sample is drawn for the purpose of research. The sample frame defines the units from which the sample will be drawn. The sampling technique employed was random stratified sampling. In as the elements had a known ch ance of being selected for the purpose of research. Procedures This section highlights the treatments, conditions and interventions. For this particular research, the treatment will be the specific situations in which the group or elements under study are exposed to. In this case, the elements are in a family setting and observation expects to highlight day to day activities and how the respondents relate to each other. For this research, introducing a condition will imply putting the parent and child in a position where they are required to make a decision to demonstrate their level of control and demand. Introducing a need for decision making affects behavior and parenting style applied. Interventions are defined to assist in keeping the research back on track. In the event of issues like failure to communicate effectively, the intervention would be instrumental in encouraging the use of proper communication channels to facilitate interaction between the elements. This reiterates the importance of communication (Devore, 2006). Measures To measure degree of control, the research intends to use defined scales. The scale is designed in a manner that defines levels in terms of total or full control, medium control, minimal control or no control at all. This will be observed through decisions made, chores assigned and feedback given by adolescent children under study. This scale is specific to this particular study. Temperament levels among adolescents will be measured to examine how they react to situations when dealing with their parents. Validity of the research The validity of the research determines the extent of acquisition of accurate results. The questionnaires must be tested for reliability and validity on a small sample before being administered in the field. The questionnaire is tested for biasness and the leading questions are identified and eliminated or rephrased. The researcher should emphasize the purpose of the research to the respondents. Validi ty is equally raised on matters relating to sample size. The sample size must be representative to allow making of generalizations which are inclusive. If the sample is inappropriate, the results of the findings will be inaccurate. Role of the researcher The researcher will be actively involved in administration of the questionnaire. This is to facilitate clarifications in the event of ambiguous questions which the respondent is challenged. The questionnaire will be designed in a way that eliminates the possibility of leading questions, therefore bias will not occur. The role of the researcher will be to continuously answer queries and provide guidance to respondents in the event that they encounter challenges. The researcher must possess problem solving skills and have a good grasp of the knowledge area under study. The researcher should uphold objectivity and always rely on factual evidence to reach to conclusions. The researcher is responsible for providing the findings of the re search without concealing any information. Sample Size The sample size intended for the study is a total of 150 elements due to the fact that the sample needs to be sufficient and representative. This is due to the fact that the sample is homogenous in terms of age and practices hence making it all inclusive. The choice of this sample was influenced by restrictions on time and cost which negated the possibility of a larger sample. Sample and Context The sample will take into consideration certain characteristics of the population. The age of adolescent children being observed will be between the ages of 13 to 19. The genders to be examined include both male and female. Ethnic background will include American and Black American settings. Educational levels will incorporate all levels of education to facilitate an inclusive sample. Sampling Procedure The choice of sampling method implies that the division into strata was to be based on area of residence. To further advance this techni que, convenience sampling due to the advantage of human choice will be used. The research attempts to obtain a sample of convenient elements having determined their ethnic differences. The researcher will interact with the respondents based on house visits and observation of parental routines. Door to door visits in random neighborhoods will be conducted. Data type and Collection The method to be employed by this research to collect data from the samples is questionnaires and observation. Primary data will be collected using a structured questionnaire that will seek to answer questions on demographics. The reason for choosing the use of a questionnaire was due to the fact that it is cost effective. They are also easy to analyze in terms of data entry and tabulation despite its familiarity to most people. Furthermore, the researchers own opinions do not influence the respondents answers as there are no verbal and visual clues hence making them unbiased. The experiment will use the ob servation method. The reason behind choosing observation is due to the fact that the researcher has no influence on the behavior of the variables (Haslam and McGarty, 2003). Data Analysis The questionnaires will be analyzed together with the interviews to determine the variability of the data collected. Data will be analyzed and consolidated to analyze deviance among the variables. The information gained about the interdependencies can be used later to reduce the set of variables in a dataset. Data will be evaluated and represented by use of bar charts and pie charts to represent influences of parental styles on adolescent behavior. The data will be represented in the form of pie charts, graphs and tabulations showing ratios. The analyzed data will provide ratios that determine the validity of the null and alternative hypothesis. Observation of the elements will be undertaken by a research assistant and thereby provide summaries based on checklists which will be consolidated into gr aphs and charts to determine correlations between the dependent and the independent variables. Ethical protection of participants Parents and adolescents that form part of sampling elements under study may be unwilling to disclose information regarding their relations with their parents. One major consideration is to make the results of the findings known to these parents as well as make public the recommendations without bias and exposure of respondents. Respondents’ contributions should be treated in confidentiality. Furthermore, the purpose of the research should be revealed to the respondents. Respondents will be assured that the information they provide will be strictly used for the basis of research and not be provided to third parties. Lastly, the results of the findings must be communicated to the respondents appropriately and made public to interested stakeholders. References Bjorklund, D. F., Blasi, C. H (2011). Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Appro ach. California, USA: Cengage Learning. Brooks, J. (2000). Parenting. USA: Mc Graw-hill. Devore, D. M. (2006). Parent Child Relations: New Research. New York, USA: Nova Science Publishers. Harper, L. (2012). Parental Proverbs for Instructional Living. Xlibris Corporation. Haslam, A. S., McGarty, C. (2003).Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Kothari, C. R. (2007). Research Methodology – Methods and Techniques. New Delhi, India: New Age International Publishers. Mruk, C. (2006). Self-Esteem, Research, Theory and Practice. New York, USA: Springer Publishing Company. Prunckun, H. (2010). Handbook of Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis. United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press, Inc. Rankin, J. N. (2005). Parenting Experts; Their Advice, the Research and Getting it Right. California. USA: Praeger Publishers. Schaffer, D. R., Kipp, K. (2009).Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence. California, USA: Cengage Learning. Sigelman, C.K., Rider, E.A. (2011). Life Span Human Development. California. USA: Cengage Learning. This research paper on Different Parenting Styles was written and submitted by user Allan Powers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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It is advisable to include in your references the date you accessed the information. 4.2.1 E-book Author/s or Editor/s (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop) Year of publication (i.e. year of print version, or year of electronic version if there is one) Title (either in bold, italics or underlined) (full stop) Edition (if not the first) Electronic book supplier [Online] (full stop) Available at: Specify URL (Internet address) Date of access: (brackets) (full stop) Example: E-book Davis, B. (2000) Caring for people in pain. Netlibrary [Online]. Available at: http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader (Accessed: 6 January 2004). 4.2.2 E-journal To reference from an e-journal use the following format: Author/s (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of article (comma) Title of journal (either in bold, italics or underlined) (comma) Volume number Issue number (in brackets) (comma) Page number or online equivalent Name of electronic collection [Online] (full stop) Available at: Specify URL (Internet address) Date of access: (brackets) (full stop) Example: E-journal Orkerson, A. (1991) The electronic journal: what, whence and when? Public Access Computer Systems Review, 2 (1), pp. 23-24 EBSCO [Online]. Available at: http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/okerson.2nl (Accessed: 6 June 2002). 4.2.3 Website or Internet Database When you need to reference a whole website, use the format: Author, Editor or Publishing Organisation Year (in brackets) Website title (bold, italics or underlined ) (full stop) [Online] (full stop) Available at: Specify URL (Internet address) Date of access: (brackets) (full stop) Example: Website Historic Houses Association. (2005) Historic Houses Association. [Online]. Available at: http://www.hha.org.uk (Accessed: 6 April 2005). When referencing web pages or extracts from a database, use the format: Author/editor or Publishing Organisation Year (in brackets) Title of extract (comma) Title of database (bold, italics or underlined) [Online] (full stop) Available at: Specify URL (Internet address) Date of access: (brackets) (full stop) Example: Web Pages Darnell, M.J. (2002) Opening the file drawer, Bad Human Factors Designs [Online]. Available at: http://www.baddesigns.com/file.html (Accessed: 6 April 2005). Referencing In the Harvard system the corresponding references to citations in the text are arranged at the end of a piece of work in alphabetical order of authors surname, subdivided if necessary by year and letter. 4.3.1 How to reference a book Author/s editor/s (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of book (either bold, italics or underlined) (full stop) Edition (if not the first) Place of publication (colon) Publisher (full stop) [Add series number and volume number if appropriate] One Author Hayes, N. (1998) Psychology: an introduction. 3rd edn. Harlow: Longman. Two Authors Winter, J. Sivan, E. (eds.) (2000) War and remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Three Authors Thwaites, A., Davis, L. Mules, W. (1995) Tools for cultural studies: an introduction. South Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia. Multiple Authors Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B. Singer, S. R. (2005) Biology. 7th edn. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Please note it is common acceptance, especially in scientific papers, to quote all authors in the reference list. However, this is not universal and an alternative, which is sometimes used when there are more than 3 authors, is to list the 1st author followed by et al. Please check your report requirements. 4.3.2 Chapter within a book Author/s of chapter or section (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of chapter/section (comma) Use the word In: Author/Editor of book/collected work (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop) Title of the book/collected work (either bold, italics or underlined). Edition (if not the first) Place of publication (colon) Publisher (comma) Page numbers of chapter (full stop) Example 1 Merridale, C. (2000) War, death and remembrance in Soviet Russia, In: Winter, J. Sivan, E. (eds.) War and remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61-83. 4.3.3 How to reference a journal article Author/s of article (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of article (comma) Title of journal (either bold, italics or underlined) (comma) Volume number Part/issue number (in brackets) (comma) Page number/s (full stop) Example: Journal Article Bourget, D. (2004) Quantum leaps in the philosophy of the mind, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 11(12), pp. 17-42. Example: Journal Article, multiple authors Milner, L.M., Herrmann, M., Girand, K., Baker, M.S. Hiser, R.F. (2003) International sport fishing: the case of the German angler in Alaska, Tourism Analysis, 8(1), pp. 89-94. 4.3.4 Referencing a newspaper article Referencing a newspaper article is similar to referencing a journal except omit volume number and part/issue number and state the day and month of publication. Example: Newspaper Hiscott, G. (2005) Salt level in food overtakes poisoning as main concern of shoppers, The Independent, 17 March, p.8. 4.4.1 Theses or Dissertation When referencing a theses or a dissertation, use the same method as a book reference but include the level of the award (e.g. B.A., BSc., M.A.) and the name of the awarding Institution. Example 1 Gayfer, J. (1993) Controlling wall thickness of extruded polythene pipe. BEng dissertation. University of Derby. 4.4.2 Conferencing When referencing from a conference follow this format: Organising/sponsoring organisation Number (if appropriate) Year (in brackets) Title (in bold, italics or underlined) Location of conference Date of conference Place of publication (colon) Publisher (full stop) Example 1 World Health Organisation (1978) Primary health care: report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care. Alma-Ata USSR, 6-12 September 1978. Geneva: W.H.O. 4.4.3 Audio-visual material Typically, putting the title as the first element of the reference is preferred but if an individual has clear responsibility for the intellectual content then they should be given as the originator. Title (bold, italics, underlined) Year (date of distribution)(brackets) Originator (director preferred) [Videocassette] (full stop) Place of distribution (colon) Organisation (full stop) Example 1 The Prince of tides (1997) Directed by Barbara Streisand [Videocassette]. London: ITV. 4.4.4 Maps When referencing from an ordnance survey map, use the format: Originator state Ordnance Survey Year of publication (in brackets) Title of map (bold, italics or underlined ) (comma) Sheet number (comma) Scale of map (e.g. 1: 50 000) (full stop) Place of publication (colon) Publisher (full stop) Series (in brackets) (full stop)

Four Types Of Financial Statements Essay

Financial Statements come in four basic types; income statement, retained earnings, the statement of cash flow and the balance sheet. These statements are used both internally and externally to calculate the profitability and liabilities of a company. The financial statements of a company are the window for managers, investors, and creditors into the stability of a company. The details of a financial statement differ from the type of the statement and are used by different entities to determine if they want to invest in the company, lend to the company or by managers to determine if the company is operating and the needed level to continue growing. The income statement is a snapshot for a defined time that lists revenues and expenses to equal the net income of the company. Revenues are broken down into sales and other sales. Expenses are items such as cost of goods sold, selling marketing administrative costs, and total income tax. The income statement reports on the success or failure of the company’s operations by reporting its revenues and expenses. If the company’s revenues exceed its expenses, it will report net income; otherwise it will report a net loss (Kimmel & Kieso, 2009). The income statement reports of the company’s operations are profitable or not. The income statements reports how successful the company is at generating a profit at sales. Retained earnings statements are statements of shareholders in dividends and earnings paid to owners. This statement shows the earnings kept by the owners to ensure future growth. High-growth companies generally do not pay dividends and reinvest into the company. This statement shows amounts and cause of change during a period in time. The beginning of the statement shows retained earnings and adds net income and deductions for dividends. The balance sheet is the third type of financial statement that show claims  to assets over a certain period of time. The balance sheet brakes down the short -term and long- term assets of the company. The balance sheets groups similar assets with similar liabilities. Current assets are listed first, long-term investments nets and fixed assets, along with intangible assets like patents. Current liabilities payable in less than a year such as notes payable, accounts payable, salaries payable, unearned revenue, and interest payable are listed first. These are followed by mortgage notes due in more than one year and other notes due in more than a year. Last listed are stockholders equities such as common stock, and retained earnings. Companies list assets in order for which they expect to convert to cash (Kimmel & Kieso, 2009). The last type of basic financial statement is the statement of cash flow. This statement discloses cash receipts and cash payments made to the company for a specific period of time. The statement of cash flow reports the operating, investing, and financial activities of the company. This statement will answer questions such as where did the money come from, how as the money used, and what was the change that happened? Negative numbers are reflected with brackets (). Additionally, these statements report the net increase or decrease in cash during a period in time and the amount of cash at the end of said time. Many entities use financial statement, both inside, and outside the company. Managers can use the balance sheet to determine if the cash on hand is sufficient for immediate cash needs. They can also use these statements to look at the relationship between debts and stockholders’ equity to determine if the company has satisfactory proportion of debt and common stock financing (Kimmel & Kieso, 2009). Creditors can use the financial statements to determine the likely hood of being repaid. The statements will tell the creditors if there are sufficient assets to sell to repay a debt. Using ratio analysis, revenues- expenses= net income, the creditor can measure the success of a company for a given period. Long- term investors and creditors look at the solvency of a company; that is the measurement of long- term survival of the company. Investors use financial statements to determine if they should invest in the company or cash out the stocks they hold, because  of losses in the c ompany. Publicly traded companies must release annual reports, including financial statements, manager’s discussion and analysis, notes to the financial statements and an independent auditors report. Investors use all of these items to ensure they are making a sound investment. References Kimmel, P. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2009). Financial accounting: Tools for business decision making (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Innovative Practices in Education Essay

Introduction The word ‘innovation’ is derived from Latin word ‘innovare’, which means â€Å"to change something to new†. In other words, we may say that ‘innovation’ means changing the regular way of doing things and involves doing the regular things in a novel way. The role of a teacher in present context has remarkably changed because of the various factors such as social, cultural, economic and technology developments across the globe. â€Å"Teachers in today’s era must be innovative, imaginative, and resourceful and have thorough knowledge of the subject and adopt new techniques to teach innovatively.† J. Krishnamurthy1 Teaching, in the KRISHNAMURTHI FOUNDATION INDIA (KFI) schools as opposed to other regular schools was said to be â€Å"different† and hence the researcher picked up these schools to study what and how â€Å"innovatively† the students are taught. KFI schools come under the genre of â€Å"alternative schools.† â€Å"An alternative school is an educational setting designed to accommodate educational, behavioral, and/or medical needs of children and adolescents that cannot be adequately addressed in a traditional school environment.†2 Its unique features are as follows: †¢Alternative schools have a small number of students, maximum 200 in the entire school . †¢Not more than 15-25 kids in a class †¢Children are allowed to learn the basic skills of reading and writing at their own pace. †¢There is little or no internal hierarchy in alternative schools. †¢Excellent teacher pupil relationship . †¢Family atmosphere †¢There is an inherent spirit of cooperation with self discipline. †¢Uniqueness of each child is nurtured. †¢The ambience is essentially fluid and informal. †¢There is no uniform. â€Å"KFI schools are not just about transference of ideas or facts in books, but is also about feeling the earth, watching the sunset, listening to the birds, seeing the colours of the leaves change in the different seasons and observing nature in its many colours, forms and shapes, in reality and this has shaped the entire structure of the school based on the ideology of Jiddu Krishnamurthy.†3 Methodology of the Study †¢Normative survey along with participant observation was used in the present research as it was a qualitative research . †¢Qualitative research seeks out the ‘why’, not the ‘how’ of the topic.3( Yang.W.E, 1997) Data Collection Tools Actual visit to the school and interaction with the teacher, students and principals through interview and questionnaire techniques and actual participation in school activities. The tools used were: †¢Interview †¢Participant Observation †¢Document analysis Learning the KFI way†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a few insights Classes are not only about completing the content but also about understanding the content; with this core understanding every teacher at the school determines to use innovative teaching practices in classroom teaching. The term â€Å"innovative† is used to describe the combination of the three teaching practices in these schools †¢Student centered pedagogy †¢ Taking the learning beyond the classroom †¢Giving importance to personal relationships apart from the academic subject matter. These learning environments strive to cultivate a sense of community and belonging, and qualities of safety, respect, caring, and even love amongst the students .The term â€Å"innovative† in the context of this research describes combining these practices with technology i.e use of ICT( information communication technology ) in class room teaching. Student-centered pedagogy includes practices of teaching and learning that are project-based, collaborative, foster knowledge-building, require self-regulation and assessment, and are both personalized (allowing for student choice and relevance to the individual student) as well as individualized (allowing students to work at their own pace) and according to their particular learning needs. Each of these elements has a strong base of prior research, linking them to positive outcomes in terms of developing skills among students.4 Hence these a re techniques in which they learn to think for themselves, and develop the ability to make clear logical arguments, and deal with complex ethical issues.Students enjoy total intellectual freedom, and unfettered interaction with other students and adults. 1. Autonomous learning is a unique innovative technique which is actively implemented in the academic transaction process. It implies gradual switch from traditional teacher-centered studies to a self-learning process, when students are placed in such conditions where they are to employ their critical thinking, creativity, collaboration and communication skills in addition to the problem-solving skills that will make them experts on a subject studied through project- work, group work etc. For Example- A project on garbage disposal in class V was given to make them learn about environment and sustainability. 2. Cooperative learning directed towards focusing on students’ team work while doing their project assignments. 3. Task-based approach to learning, which requires using learning situations and tasks that do not make students merely reproduce the knowledge acquired, but also stimulate their creativity in order to find new original answers to unconventional tasks. For example- growing flowers in the school compound to teach students of class VII, about seasonal flowers, types of soil and usage of organic fertilisers. Another e.g- Selling organic compost and making money running a small business annually for class X th students to teach them about selling and profit in economics. 4. Moving outside the class – This teaching practice refers to learning activities that include learning in nature and beyond the traditional boundaries of the classroom, and also by providing opportunities for 24/7 learning (for example, research outside the classroom), fostering cross-subject connections, and promoting global awareness and cultural understanding. For example – seeing the actual working of a venus-fly trap plant grown in the campus to teach about carnivorous plants. 5. Story- based learning – This method, called ‘story-based learning,’ aims to encourage students to study various core subjects and be curious enough to find the answers by themselves. ‘One reason behind this learning design is to help students to comprehend the variety and interconnectedness of real life and equip them with the right mindset and solutions.’ 5 For example- The high-school students learnt a story about spices and ships, which would bring students into studying the history, agriculture, business, politics, culture and international trade of the East India Company in class VIII. 6. Workshops including interactive lectures, presentations, individual assignments, puppet making, independent and self-learning activities during practical classes and seminars, role plays and simulations, case-studies, individual and team projects, holding master-classes and workshops. 7. Extensive use of tape recorder, e-book, graphics, pictures, charts in daily 8. Blogs : A Classroom outside the classroom! Blog is derived from weblog. It is a diary or regular opinion columns posted on the internet. In blog, the writer posts diary entry which others can read and comments on it. Web-blogging is used in two main ways in teaching. Firstly, students are encouraged to write and post their blogs. If students are learning to write journals or engaged in other form of extensive writing in the classroom, is the right place to check their ability of writing. Secondly, the teacher writes the main blog entries, which students can then comment on. They send assignments or projects to students on the taught topics, by which students can complete the work and send it back to teachers. So the blog encourages teaching outside the classroom. 8. Role playing- For example, while teaching accounts the role of accountant can be explained by role playing technique. Invoice and bills can be given to students and asked them to assume the role of accountant. Here the real entries pertaining to transactions are made by the student and this is more practical approach to teaching where theory is supplemented by proper practical knowledge. 9.Wiki- A wiki is a web based platform for collaborative writing. It is used within a private domain as well as public domain for writing together. The important feature of wikis is particularly used for language learning which is record of all drafts. Students and teachers work on it collaboratively. An example of a private wiki used for language learning was used in KFI school-based project to produce a school newsletter for parents within the public domain. Students can be asked to be collaborative as class to produce a Wikipedia entry because such projects help to promote team-spirit and increase motivation, empower students to construct knowledge, and enable them to learn new things in an interesting, stress-free way. To keep up with the educational expectations of today’s youth, we’re called on to use innovative teaching techniques. Where resources and training programs aren’t available to keep pace with our growing technological expansion, methods must be developed and used that involve active learning without depending on high technology. Simulations, games, and role playing are viable alternatives for learning about and experiencing real-life situations. 10. Innovative evaluation- the 360 0 approach- Teacher’s report- Students’ progress is assessed systematically and continuously. Evaluation is comprehensive, non-comparative and points to possibilities for growth are given to each and every student. Parents receive reports twice a year. Parent’s report- However, in the month of September parents send a report to school on their children based on the observation made at home. How he/she behaves at home, his/her eating habits, behaviour with siblings etc †¦anything extra that the parent wants to tell is also welcomed. This report facilitates a joint awareness and understanding of the child by the school and home. Students take formal examinations from class VIII onwards and all the teachers seem to support it completely because they feel students have to take the public examinations at the end of Tenth and Twelfth standard. 11. Meditation & assemblies- Every morning there are separate assemblies for the Junior and Senior sections, apart from this every school has â€Å"me time† in which the children and the staff sit all by themselves being â€Å"in silence† and think about the day ahead. It is easier said than done to sit in silence for 15 minutes because as Krishnamurthi says, â€Å"Only a mind in silence and stability is a mind that can learn anything†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.or even teach anything† 4 Hence this meditation time is important for both the kids and the teachers and there is no fixed way of meditation. The only requirement is that one should sit in silence. Sometimes in the evenings guided meditations are also held for the senior students who want to come. It is a voluntary thing and no one is forced to do so. It is an important innovative technique in teaching â€Å"self- inquiry† and introspection to the students. There is no punishment system, only talking, counselling and understanding that takes place if someone makes a mistake. Conclusions †¢This holistic education is usually characterized by several core qualities. First, it encourages experiential learning. †¢Secondly there is more discussion, questioning, experimentation, and active engagement in a holistic learning environment. †¢Thirdly, personal relationships are considered to be as important as academic subject matter. These learning environments strive to cultivate a sense of community and belonging, and qualities of safety, respect, caring, and even love. †¢These innovative techniques are practiced in diverse ways in alternative schools like KFI that provide a carefully designed, multiage â€Å"prepared environment† that encourages children to explore ,experiment and learn according to their own pace and interests. †¢It is possible, however, that these certain universal features of the KFI schools can easily be shared with, and developed by, other schools like the non-formal working environment and child-based, student-centric project aided learning which doesn’t require too much training or infrastructure , just a willingness to experiment and innovate on the part of the teacher. †¢ In many respects it is like a traditional school; children take board exams, have a curriculum and timetable etc. But what makes them special and effective are the teachers and their passion for teaching, their innovative methods of teaching, the fearless and joyful interaction among teachers and students. †¢The board results of such schools were better than the regular schools in their area but the stress experienced by the students, teachers and parents was comparatively much less, as what came out from the interviews and observation of the students and data analysis. Recommendations From the insights gained in innovative teaching and its impact on the teaching learning process, the researcher would like to make certain recommendations for other schools as well. a.Schools therefore need to emphasize on those aspects of learning which would help children to self-observe and reflect; find ways to search for knowledge instead of memorizing only. b.The project approach in teaching is inter-disciplinary, integrates arts, music, dance, yoga, meditation in the curriculum and leads to collateral learning. c.This is accomplished through evolutionary syllabi that emerge out of the needs of students and can be easily made by the subject teacher and head of the institution. d.The students are independent, responsible and confident of their learning. e.In line with J.Krishnamurthy’s philosophy, teachers lay emphasis on collaborative learning and team work. f.The teacher’s role is that of a facilitator, a generalist. g.The teaching style is informal, participativ e, democratic and illuminative. h.The teacher is a learner too. i.Meditation and yoga has definite positive outcomes on the behavior of students and also their ability to learn. Hence it should be encouraged by all schools. j.This holistic and innovative education in KFI schools is usually characterized by experiential learning. k.Secondly there is more discussion, questioning, experimentation, and active engagement in a holistic learning environment leading to overall personality development. l.Thirdly, personal relationships are considered to be as important as academic subject matter. These learning environments strive to cultivate a sense of community and belonging, and qualities of safety, respect, caring, and even love amongst students and teachers. References : 1. Bax,S.(2003). The end of old age teaching: A New Approach to Education and Laerning. ELT journal, 57, 278-287. 2. Alternative School, http://www.healthofchildren.com/A/Alternative-School.html#ixzz2BQfZSoIf 3. Martin, Donald W. (1975) â€Å"An Analysis of Selected Works of Jiddu Krishnamurti: Implications for Higher Education† University of Cincinnati, Ohio (U.S.A.), research paper. 4. Gefter, A., â€Å"Living online: This is your space,† New Scientist 2569 (2006): 46-48. 5. Gupta Deepti, 2005. ELT in India: A Brief and Current overview, Asian EFL Journal Volume 7. Issue 1, Article 12. Bibliography 1. Nunan David (1991) Communicative tasks and the language curriculum. TESOL, Quarterly 25(2), 279-295. 2. O’Grady, William, Michael Dabrovolsky, and Mark Aronoff. 1993. Contemporary linguistics: An Introduction. New York: St.Martin’s Press. 3. Pahuja N.P. Teaching of English, Anmol Publications Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi 1995. 4. Prensky, M., â€Å" Digital nayives, digital immigrants,† On the Horizon 9.5 (2001). 5. Thelwall, M., â€Å"MySpace, Facebook, Bebo: Social networking students,† Association of Learning Technology Online Newsletter 11 (2008). 6. Vyas A. Manish and Patel L. yogesh â€Å"Teaching innovatively – A new Pedagogy for a New Century.† PHI Learning Pvt Ltd. New Delhi (200

Management Dissertation Proposal Proforma The WritePass Journal

Management Dissertation Proposal Proforma 1. Aims of the Dissertation: Management Dissertation Proposal Proforma ) Levin, D. M. (1988). The opening of vision: Nihilism and the postmodern situation.   London: Routledge. Mikkola, J. H. and Skjà ¸tt-Larsen, T. 2004. Supply-chain integration: implications for mass customization, modularization and postponement strategies. Production Planning Control; Jun2004, Vol. 15 Issue 4, p352-361 Saunders, M. Thornhill, A. and Lewis, P. 2007. Research Methods for Business Students. Harlow: Financial Times / Prentice Hall. Su, C. J. and Chuang, H. C. 2011. Toward Mass Customized Product Deployment in E-Commerce: The Modularization Function and Postponement Strategy. Journal of Organizational Computing Electronic Commerce; Jan-Mar2011, Vol. 21 Issue 1, p24-49 Wan, J. 2006. Postponement Strategy in Supply Chain Management. University of Cambridge. ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/mtms/events/documents/Johnny_Wan.pdf Accessed 15th April 2011. Yang, B. and Burns, N. 2003. Implications of postponement for the supply chain. International Journal of Production Research; 6/15/2003, Vol. 41 Issue 9, p2075-2090 Yang, B. Burns, N. D. and Backhouse, C. J. 2005. An empirical investigation into the barriers to postponement. International Journal of Production Research; 2005, Vol. 43, p991–1005. Yang, B. Yang, Y. and Wijngaard, J. 2007. Postponement: an inter-organizational perspective. International Journal of Production Research; 2/15/2007, Vol. 45 Issue 4, p971-988 Yin, R.K. (1994), Case Study Research – Design and Method, 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.

Free Essays on Intruding Intruders Intrutions

Intruding Intruder’s Intrusions To prevent the intrusion, we need to know why the intruder is intruding. Today’s hackers accomplish many things. They create jobs in the information security market. They scare people out of their minds. They get companies to spend a lot of money on network security. Their attacks provide the police and FBI with somebody to chase. They give back to the people with community service and fund the governments by paying fines. They test hacking tools provided by people who know what they are doing. Many other things like this are accomplished by hackers around the world today. However, the one thing they do that really gets my goad and smacks of stupidity is ruin the internet, not only for everybody else, but for themselves also. For a lot of hackers, the internet is a source of entertainment, a job, or a hobby. Here is a simple point of logic that these intruders seem to be lacking. If, for example, there is something you do for enjoyment, or is the means of your livelihood, do you ruin it? A child can appreciate this logic. This inability to look be yond immediate benefits to oneself is a major problem in this society, and has given birth to hackers, criminals, PETA.... This may seem to go wide of the scope for this paper, but think of it this way. If the â€Å"me first† attitude of current society were to be somehow eradicated, and replaced with a different philosophy, say the â€Å"Golden Rule†. Would there be any malicious intrusions? On a broader scope, this would solve most of the problems in the world, not all. What I am getting at is this. In order to understand what we need to secure against, we need to understand the motivation, as well as the methods, that malicious intruders work under. Some of these motives can include, but are not limited to, greed, fame, revenge, misguided over righteousness, to prove something, to be a nuisance, and I suppose some form of insanity. As an IS profession... Free Essays on Intruding Intruder's Intrutions Free Essays on Intruding Intruder's Intrutions Intruding Intruder’s Intrusions To prevent the intrusion, we need to know why the intruder is intruding. Today’s hackers accomplish many things. They create jobs in the information security market. They scare people out of their minds. They get companies to spend a lot of money on network security. Their attacks provide the police and FBI with somebody to chase. They give back to the people with community service and fund the governments by paying fines. They test hacking tools provided by people who know what they are doing. Many other things like this are accomplished by hackers around the world today. However, the one thing they do that really gets my goad and smacks of stupidity is ruin the internet, not only for everybody else, but for themselves also. For a lot of hackers, the internet is a source of entertainment, a job, or a hobby. Here is a simple point of logic that these intruders seem to be lacking. If, for example, there is something you do for enjoyment, or is the means of your livelihood, do you ruin it? A child can appreciate this logic. This inability to look be yond immediate benefits to oneself is a major problem in this society, and has given birth to hackers, criminals, PETA.... This may seem to go wide of the scope for this paper, but think of it this way. If the â€Å"me first† attitude of current society were to be somehow eradicated, and replaced with a different philosophy, say the â€Å"Golden Rule†. Would there be any malicious intrusions? On a broader scope, this would solve most of the problems in the world, not all. What I am getting at is this. In order to understand what we need to secure against, we need to understand the motivation, as well as the methods, that malicious intruders work under. Some of these motives can include, but are not limited to, greed, fame, revenge, misguided over righteousness, to prove something, to be a nuisance, and I suppose some form of insanity. As an IS profession...

The Directors and Management of the Limited Company Research Paper

The Directors and Management of the Limited Company - Research Paper Example The disadvantages of the Material Requirements Planning system has been its coherency with the data, therefore the flaws present in the inventory data, the bill of material, or master production schedule will be transparent in the output, to avoid such failure and malpractice the vendors adapted to Material Requirements Planning demand minimum ninety-six per cent data integrity. The Material Requirements Planning system requires the user to identify the period it will take for the establishment of the factory, from the ordered component parts. The Material Requirements Planning system further assume the period of the establishment as lead time, which will share similar quantitative significance for every item, irrespective of the quantity produced, and other simultaneous operations conducted within the factory (Thomas, 2002). In comparison, the Enterprise Resource Planning system has been able to organize the inventory, and successful in the identification of the requirements of the individual factory. The system further ensures that the medium of communication exist between the units of the factory so that the redistribution of the components is achievable, which correspondingly 'serve the overall enterprise' (Thomas, 2002). The Material Requirements Planning system requires that the corresponding system are intact, effective and efficient, the system is expected to result in failure if it handles the variety reduction and engineering in a manner through which the availability of the product can be ensured. The push system is considered to be the system which is based on factors of demands i.e. Customer Orders within the present and future scope.

Lesson plans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Lesson plans - Research Paper Example The teacher reviews the previous lesson on presenting data in tabular form. All charts will be written in poster paper using markers. 4. The groups present their data in class while the teacher facilitates the discussion. The students must be able to articulate the steps that they did to arrive at the answer, as well as the operation(s) that they performed. All the groups keep their charts on the board. 5. The teacher then consolidates all the findings in one singe table. Students are encouraged to fill in the table on the board using the data from the different groups. The same questions asked in the groups will be asked in class. The teacher rehearses the steps in problem solving: Question, Given Facts, Operation(s), Solution and Conclusion. 6. The teacher introduces how to make graphical presentations of the data. She gives two examples and then asks the students to fill out a worksheet of an empty chart based on the consolidated data presented. At the end, they have to write sentences about the chart : â€Å"In a class there were 10 students who ran the mini-track in 3 minutes. Elvi ran 7 rounds. She ran the most number of rounds. Anthony ran 2 rounds. He ran the least number of rounds. How many more rounds did Elvi ran than Anthony?† The teacher asks the students to identify given facts that are not necessary to solving the problem. After, one student will be asked to answer the problem. The teacher emphasizes the need to understand the comparative nature of the problem and the consequent operation(s) required. Illustrations maybe used to help some students understand the problem. 9. Teachers then gives paired work with more challenging problems. Teacher ensures that each student have an equal opportunity to work out the answers. High ability students can be paired with low ability students. Teacher must also go around the groups and draw out answers from students with low ability. S/he models